景电灌区农田防护林衰败及优化模式

景电灌区农田防护林网是景电灌区防护林体系的重要组成部分,通过调查景电灌区农田防护林衰败现状,分析退化原因,提出优化改造模式,为景电灌区农田防护林更新改造从而发挥可持续效益提供技术支撑。结果表明,1)以杨树为主要树种的景电灌区农田防护林网目前呈严重衰败状态,尤其在个人管护的区域,残缺断代现象严重,部分地方甚至基本消失;2)病虫危害,耗水、胁地严重而被砍伐,耕地次生盐渍化导致树木生长不良、枯死,树种单一、结构不合理,管理不到位等是造成农田防护林衰败的主要原因;3)三倍体毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)、廊坊(P.langfanggensis)、樟子松(Pinus sylvestris)、刺槐(Robinia pseucdoacacia)、白蜡(Fraxinus chinensis)、鸣山大枣(Jujube minshan)等树种为该地区农田防护林建设的适宜树种,可采用农田防护林杨树优势树种轮换、针叶常绿树种优化改造、生态经济型防护林网营造等模式对景电灌区农田防护林网进行更新改造。农田防护林网的改造,将对完善防护林体系,保障景泰绿洲的安全产生重要意义。     

不同粒度猫尾草对羔羊体外发酵特性和微生物数量的影响

通过Rusitec-s体外发酵系统研究不同粒度猫尾草对羔羊体外发酵参数与微生物数量的影响,选取6种不同粒度(1.00、2.36、3.35、4.75、8.00和12.50 mm)的猫尾草作为试验饲粮的纤维来源,按照猫尾草的粒度将试验分为6个处理组,每个处理4个重复,利用Rusitec-s型人工瘤胃模拟装置进行48 h体外发酵,测定养分降解率、发酵参数及发酵液中6种微生物菌群的拷贝数。结果表明：与其他处理组相比,2.36 mm组显著提高了体外中性洗涤纤维降解率(IVNDFD)、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸、异戊酸摩尔比和溶纤维丁酸弧菌(B. f)数量(P<0.05),且显著降低总产甲烷菌(TMe)数量(P<0.05)。总菌(TB)与氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度、乙酸摩尔比呈正相关(R²=0.84,P=0.038;R²=0.88,P=0.021);B. f数量与丙酸摩尔比呈正相关(R²=0.82,P=0.045),且与pH呈负相关(R²=-0.98,P=0.001);TMe数量与体外粗蛋白质降解率(IVCP...     

荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度影响因素分析及遗传参数估计

【目的】探究中国荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度的群体规律,并估计其遗传参数。【方法】2021年7月至2021年8月分别在2个规模化奶牛场测定了628头泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛的牛嘴宽度及臀高、体高、体斜长和胸围等体尺性状,同时利用体斜长和胸围估计试验牛体重。利用SPSS 26.0软件分析了牧场、月龄和泌乳阶段等因素对牛嘴宽度的影响,以及牛嘴宽度与各体尺性状之间的相关关系;基于DMU软件采用单性状动物模型估计了牛嘴宽度的方差组分及遗传力。【结果】荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度的群体平均值为17.28 cm,变异系数为5%,变异相对较小;牧场和月龄对牛嘴宽度均有极显著影响（P<0.01）,泌乳阶段对牛嘴宽度有显著影响（P<0.05）,牛嘴宽度随母牛月龄的增加呈逐渐增加的趋势,泌乳初期牛嘴宽度显著小于其他泌乳阶段（P<0.05）;牛嘴宽度与各体尺性状之间存在极显著正相关（P<0.01）;荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度的遗传力估计值为0.28,为中高遗传力性状。【结论】牧场和月龄对奶牛牛嘴宽度影响极显著,泌乳阶段对奶牛牛嘴宽度影响显著,牛嘴宽度与臀高呈较弱相关。荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度是一个具有中高遗传力的体尺性状。     

初始含水率对SiO2溶胶在两种木材中渗透性的影响

采用两种粒径（30 nm和150 nm）的SiO2溶胶真空浸渍不同含水率（绝干、气干、调湿）的欧洲赤松和南方松边材,比较其24 h内吸液率变化规律和24 h增重率,并通过质量法分析硅溶胶处理材轴向SiO2的浓度梯度,从而考察处理材的初始含水率对SiO2溶胶在木材中渗透性的影响。研究结果表明：（1）两种木材均在绝干状态下吸液率最低,30 nm硅溶胶在气干状态下吸液率最高,而150 nm硅溶胶在调湿状态下吸液率最高。（2）初始含水率对增重率的影响与吸液率不同,30 nm硅溶胶在调湿状态下浸渍木材的增重率低于绝干状态,欧洲赤松气干状态的增重率最高。（3）初始含水率对试材中整体SiO2量的影响与增重率结果基本一致,欧洲赤松中SiO2轴向分布梯度远高于南方松,其渗透的均匀性较差。     

Effect of the particle size on the ammonia removal rate and the bacterial community composition of bioflocs

The total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal efficiency and bacterial community composition of bioflocs with <50-μm particle size, > 50-μm particle size and un-sieved bioflocs were investigated in the current study. The initial ratio of dissolved organic carbon to TAN (DOC/TAN) in the three groups were about 14:1. No significant difference was found in the removal rate of TAN, average concentrations of TAN and nitrite nitrogen among the three groups (P > 0.05). The C/N (w/w) ratio of the > 50-μm bioflocs was significantly higher than those of the other groups. No significant differences were found in the crude protein content in the bioflocs among the three groups. The development of the bacterial community compositions of the bioflocs was analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing analyses. Most OTUs were shared among the three groups at all the sampled time points. With the increase in the relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes, that of phylum Proteobacteria, Chorolexi, and Bacteroidetes decreased in all the three groups. The phylum Firmicutes and genus Bacillus were predominant in all the sampled time points. At the end of the experiment, genus Bacillus accounted for 81% in the < 50-μm group, 82% in the > 50-μm group, and 75% in the un-sieved group.     

Interactive effects of family and stocking density on survival and growth of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

To investigate the effects of family, stocking density, and their interaction on mortality, growth rate, and size dispersal in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius, 1,440 juveniles from six full‐sib families were exposed to three stocking densities, that is, low stocking density (LD), middle stocking density (MD), and high stocking density (HD), and reared for 10 months in sea‐based suspended cages. The results demonstrated significant family effects on cumulative mortality rate (CMR); specific growth rate for test diameter (SGR for TD); specific growth rate for body weight (SGR for BW); coefficient of variation for body weight at the 10th month (CV for BW₁₀); and significant stocking density effects on SGR for TD, SGR for BW, and CV for BW₁₀. Statistically significant family by stocking density interaction was only found in SGR for TD. A certain degree of family‐ranking inversions occurred in SGR for TD. The present study provides evidence for the existence of family by stocking density interaction on the growth rate of test diameter in the family selection for S. intermedius. More attention should be paid to this interaction effect to select correct parents in S. intermedius.     

胡萝卜乳酸饮料的工艺优化及其对DPPH自由基的清除作用

以胡萝卜汁为主要原料,与牛奶混合发酵制备一种具有较强自由基清除作用的乳酸饮料,利用单因素试验和正交试验设计,以酸度、感官评分、DPPH清除率为指标,对胡萝卜乳酸饮料的加工工艺进行优化。结果表明,胡萝卜乳酸饮料的最佳工艺条件为:胡萝卜汁添加量85.0%,牛奶添加量15.0%,白砂糖添加量6%,添加0.25%的黄原胶作为稳定性,用0.06%的柠檬酸进行调配,接种0.015%的乳酸菌,于44℃下发酵7 h,可得一种营养丰富、酸甜爽口,富有独特风味的乳酸饮料,其蛋白质含量为0.7%、总糖含量6.8%、可溶性固形物含量12.5%、酸度35.26°T,DPPH清除率达到93.37%。     

Distribution and habitat characteristics of three sympatric cetacean species in the coastal waters of Matang,Perak, Peninsular Malaysia

1. Coastal cetaceans in Southeast Asia are poorly studied and are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic threats, especially in intensive fishing grounds.
2. To investigate the distribution and habitat characteristics of cetaceans in the productive coastal waters of Matang, Perak, Malaysia, boat‐based line transect surveys were conducted between 2013 and 2016.
3. The Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) was most frequently encountered at 3.87 sightings per 100 km, followed by the Indo‐Pacific finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) at 1.72 sightings per 100 km, and the Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) at 0.66 sightings per 100 km.
4. The mean group size was largest for humpback dolphins (8.4 individuals), followed by Irrawaddy dolphins (6.4 individuals), and finless porpoises (2.8 individuals).
5. Humpback dolphins exhibited a clustered distribution concentrated mainly in shallow estuarine waters (<10 m deep and <5 km from river mouths), whereas Irrawaddy dolphins were more widely distributed in farther coastal waters (<15 m deep and <15 km from river mouths), and finless porpoises were mostly found farthest from the shore in coastal waters (10–25 m deep and >15 km from river mouths).
6. The spatial distribution of the three cetaceans overlapped minimally, and this is likely to reflect the distribution of preferred prey resources, species interactions, and their differential responses to anthropogenic activities and species dominance.
7. The results from our study serve as baseline information for future research, conservation, and habitat management of these vulnerable and endangered coastal cetaceans. Conservation actions are recommended for the Matang area.

     

Climate effects and bottom‐up controls on growth and size‐at‐age of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) in Alaska (USA)

Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) are an ecologically, commercially, and culturally important Alaskan groundfish species. Commercial harvest of halibut dates back to the late 19th century and has been managed by the International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC) since 1921. IPHC surveys have revealed declining trends in survey biomass in multiple regions and region‐specific declines in mean size‐at‐age (size‐at‐age) over the past two decades (>50% in some areas). Changes in size‐at‐age can arise from a variety of physical, ecological, sampling, and fishery effects, including size‐dependent fishery or predation mortality, alteration in growth from variability in prey quality or quantity, and changes in temperature‐dependent metabolic demands. Here, we develop and apply a bioenergetics model for halibut using survey‐based diet and temperature data for Alaska to evaluate potential environmental drivers of size‐at‐age. In general, juvenile (<40 cm fork length) foraging rates were highest in the Gulf of Alaska concomitant with higher potential growth and elevated basal metabolic demands during warm summer conditions. In contrast, adult (40–120 cm FL) potential growth was highest in the Eastern Bering Sea, potentially reflecting lower metabolic costs and higher rates of prey consumption in that region. We additionally find evidence for interannual variation in potential growth, with a higher frequency of reduced growth potential in the last decade, particularly in the Eastern Bering Sea in 2015 and 2016 for both juvenile and adult halibut. These results suggest the potential for patterns in size‐at‐age to arise from trophic and environmental constraints that collectively limit growth in some regions and years.